Low and High Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Heat Inputs Influence on Corrosion of Stainless Steel Weldments
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Published:
Sep 15, 2024
Keywords:
Corrosion, 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel, Weldments, Microstructures, Chloride Environment
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Abstract
In this study, influence of low and high heat inputs on corrosion susceptibility of 304L austenitic stainless steel (ASS) in simulated 0.5 molar solution of NaCl was investigated. Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) was used to generate low and high levels welding heat input. Microstructures of the weldments were examined, using metallurgical optical microscope (OMM) (Olympus GX51), while the corrosion behaviours were evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization tests, and corrosion data were recorded, using a computer-based data logging system – Autolab PGSTAT 204N. From the results, the evolving microstructures of the weldments before corrosion were characteristically heterogeneous; austenite (γ) was the leading phase, while ferrite (α) grains were dispersed within the γ matrix. Fusion zone (FZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) microstructures after corrosion were characterised by pits of varying sizes with different alignments. And at GTAW speed, current and voltage of 7.2 mm/s, 200A and 40V, corresponding to low heat inputs, there were few number and size of pits relative to 1.7 mm/s, 200A and 40V, corresponding to high heat input. Shift in corrosion potentials (Ecorr) toward less negative direction, that is more nobility was observed at the low heat inputs induced GTAW parameters as compared to the corresponding high heat inputs induced GTAW parameters. In general, corrosion susceptibility of 304L ASS in the simulated 0.5 molar solution of NaCl was heightened at high heat inputs induced GTAW parameters as compared to the corresponding low heat inputs parameters.
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[1]
B. J. Kutelu, A. Oyetunji, and D. T. Oloruntoba, “Low and High Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Heat Inputs Influence on Corrosion of Stainless Steel Weldments”, AJERD, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 308-316, Sep. 2024.
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References
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[2] Lancaster, J. F. (2003). Metallurgy of welding, Chapman and Hale, London, 106-116.
[3] Amer, S. M., Morsy, M. A., Hussein. M. .A., Atlam, A. & Mosa E. S. (2015). Effect of Welding Parameters Variation on the Weldability of Austenitic Stainless Steel 304L. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 6 (2), 589-595.
[3] John, C. L. & Damian, J. K. (2005). Welding Metallurgy and Weldability of Stainless Steels, John Willey and Sons Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, 30-32.
[4] Oyetunji, O., Kutelu, B. J. & Akinola, A. S. (2013). Effects of Welding Speeds and Power Inputs on the Hardness Property of Type 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ). Journal of Metallurgical Engineering (ME), 2(1), 124-129
[5] Kožuh, S., Goji´c. M. & Kosec., L. (2009). Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Austenitic Stainless Steel after Welding and Post-Weld Heat Treatment, Kovove Mater. 47, 253–262.
[6] Kožuh, S. M.. Goji´c, M., Vrsalovi´c, L. & Ivkovi´c, B. (2013). Corrosion Failure and Microstructure Analysis of AISI 316l Stainless Steels for Ship Pipeline before and after Welding, Kovove Mater. 51, 53–61.
[7] Raveendra, S. (2012). Weldability and Process Parameter Optimization of Dissimilar Pipe Joints Using GTAW, International Journal Eng., Res., Appl., 2, 2525-2530
[8] Achebo, J. I. (2012). Influence of Alloying Elements on HAZ Toughness of Multilayer Welded Steel Joints. International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, 3 (4), 78 - 83.
[9] Apurv, C. & Vijaykumar, S. J. (2014). Influence of Heat Input on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Austenitic 202 Grade Stainless Steel Weldments, WSEAS Transactions on Applied and Theoretical Mechanics, 9, 222-228.
[10] Mohd, S., Mohd, F. & Hasan, P.K.B. (2014). Effect of Welding Speed, Current and Voltage on Mechanical Properties of Underwater Welded Mild Steel Specimen (C, Mn, Si) With Insulated Electrode E6013, MIT. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 4 (2), 120-124.
[11] Ahmed, K. H., Abdul, L., Mohd, J. & Pramesh T. (2010). Influence of Welding Speed on Tensile Strength of Welded Joint in TIG Welding Process. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Dindigul,. 1 (3), 518-527.
[12] Çalik, A. (2009). Effect of Cooling Rate on Hardness and Microstructure of AISI 1020, AISI 1040 and AISI 1060 Steels. Int. J. of Phys. Sci, 4 (9), 514-518.
[13] Wan Shaiful, H. W., Muda1, N. M. & Saifulnizan, J. (2015). Effect of Welding Heat Input on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties at Coarse Grain Heat Affected Zone of ABS Grade A steel. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10 (20), 9487-9495.
[14] Tabish, T. A., Abbas T., Farhan, M., Atiq, S. & Butt, T. Z. (2014). Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the TIG welded joints of AISI 304 Stainless Steel. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 5 , 2014 – 1532.
[15] Laura, L., Leonel, D., Abreu, C., Brasil, M. & Pedro, B. (2019). Corrosion Behaviour of Austenitic Stainless Steel Welds Prepared by Dual Protection GTAW Process in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 3.5%wt. NaCl. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci.,14, 1007-10092, www.electrochemsci.org
[16] Bakour S., Guenbour. A., Bellaouchou. A., Escrivà-Cerdán, C., Sánchez-Tovar R Leiva-García, R. & García- Antón, J. (2012). Effect of Welding on Corrosion Behaviour of a Highly Alloyed Austenitic Stainless Steel UNS N06027 in Polluted Phosphoric Acid Media. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 7, 10530-10543.
[17] Shin, Y. T., Shin, H. S. & Lee H. W. (2012). Effects of Heat Input on Pitting Corrosion in Super Duplex Stainless Steel Weld Metals. Met. Mater. Int., 18, 1037–1040.
[18] Gopinath. S, Kuppusamy M.V & Ningshen. S. (2019). Corrosion Resistance Behavior of GTAW Welded AISI type 304L Stainless Steel, Trans India Inst. Met, 2981-2995, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-019-01779-w.
[19] Li. L, Dong C.F Xiao. K, Yao J.S. & Li X.G (2014). Effect of pH on Pitting Corrosion of Stainless Steel Welds in Alkaline Salt Water, Construction and Building Materials, 68, 708-715
[20] Kun-Chao T. & Chu-Ping Y (2022). The Corrosion Susceptibility of 304L Stainless Steel Exposed to Crevice Environments, Materials, 13, 3055.
[21] Subodh Kumar, Shashi A. S. & Dikshant Malhotra (2021). Effect of Welding Heat Input and Post-Weld Thermal Aging on the Sensitization and Pitting Corrosion Behaviour of AISI 304L Stainless Steel Butt Welds. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 30, 1619-1640.
[22] Lawrence, O. O., Raheem, A. E. & Ikenna, C. E. (2016). Influence of Delta Ferrite on Corrosion Susceptibility of AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel. Materials Engineering Research Article, 9, 120-128.
[23] Abioye T. E. (2017). Effect of Heat Input on the Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of AISI 304 Electric Arc Weldments. British Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 20(1), 1-10
[24] American Standard for Testing and Measurement E3-11 (2011). Standard guide for preparation of metallographic specimens, ASTM International, West Conshohocken
[25] American Standard for Testing and Measurement G36 (2014). Standard Guide for Preparation of Corrosion coupons, ASTM International, West Conshohocken
[26] American Standard for Testing and Measurement G5 – 94 (2004). Standard Reference Test Method for Making Potentiostatic and Potentiodynamic Anodic Polarization Measurements
[27] Saefuloh, I., Kanani, N., Gumelar. Ramadhan F., Rukmayyadi, Y., Yusuf, Y., Syarif, A. & Sidik, S. (2020). The Study of Corrosion Behaviour and Hardness of AISI Stainless Steel 304 in Concentration of Chloride Acid Solution and Temperature Variations. Journal of Physics, Conference Series, 1477
[28] Kutelu B. J., Adubi E. G. & Seidu S. O. (2018). Effects of Electrode types on the Microstructure, Tensile and Hardness Properties of 304 L austenitic stainless steel heat-affected zone (HAZ). Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 6, 32-38.
[29] Francisco-Javier C., Manuel Pascuel-Guillamon L.S.G., Fidel S.V., & Miguel-Angel P. (2019). Pitting corrosion of AISI 304 rolled stainless steel welding at different deformation levels. Journal of Applied Sciences, 9(16), 3265
[30] Woods R. A. & Milner D. R. (1971). Motion in the Weld Pool in Arc Welding, Welding Journal, 50 (4), 163-173.
[31] Arpita, N. B. & Vikram, A. P. (2016). Influence of Process Parameters of TIG Welding Process on Mechanical Properties of 304LSS Welded Joint, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3, 977.
[32] Xiancyan, Z.H.A.O., Xiwu, L.I.U., Xin, C.U.I., & Fengchang, Y. (2018). Corrosion Behavior of 304L in Nitric Acid Environment. Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and Protection, 38(5), 455-462.
[33] Atapour M., Dana M. M. & Ashrafizadeh F. (2015). A corrosion study of grain-refined 304l stainless steels produced by the martensitic process. International Journal of ISSI, 12 (2), 30-38.
[34] Saifu D., Shuangbao W., Linyue W., Jianting L. & Yujie W. (2017). Influence of Chloride on Passive Film Chemistry of 304 Stainless Steel in Sulphuric Acid Solution by Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry Analysis, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 12, 1106 –1117.
[35] Wan P., Ma L., Cheng X. & Li X. (2021) Influence of Grain Refinement on the Corrosion Behavior of Metallic Materials: A Review Int. J. Miner., Metall. Mater., 28, 1112-1126,
[36] Sato, N. (2001). The Stability and Breakdown of Passive Oxide Films on Metals. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 78, 19–26.
[37] Sutrimo Ating Sudradjat, Rayhan Nugraha Fachari Koeshardono Aris Suryyadi Deni Mulyana & Ita Casmita (2019). Effect of Heat Input Variations to the Mechanical Properties and Pitting Corrosion in Disisimilar Stainless-Steel Welding, International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering (IJASRE), 5(10), 116-123.
[38] Pauli L., Jani R., Heikki R. & Teemu S. (2016). Characterisation of Local Grain Size Variation of Welded Structural Steel, Weld World, 60, 673–688.
[39] Apurv, C. & Vijaykumar, S. J. (2014). Influence of Heat Input on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Austenitic 202 Grade Stainless Steel Weldments. WSEAS Transactions on Applied and Theoretical Mechanics, 9, 222-228
[40] Hendrikus Dwijayanto Wibowo Surtargo (2021). Corrosion Rate of Stainless Steel 304 in HNO3 Solution, Arkus, 7(1), https://hmpublisher.com/India.php/arkus.
[41] Olsson, C.O.A. & Landolt, D. (2003). Passive Films on Stainless Steels-Chemistry, Structure and Growth, Electrochimica Acta, 48,(9), 1093- 1104.
[42] Sajay K.G., Avinash R. R., Meghanshu V. & MohdZaharKhad Y. (2019). Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Gas Metal Arc Welding of Ferrite Stainless Steel. Material Research Express,(3).
[43] Thewlis, C. & Milner, D. R. (1977). Inclusion Formation in Arc Welding, Welding Research Supplement, 281-288.
[44] Prabhu, P. & Rajnish, G. (2016). Effect of Welding Parameters on Pitting Behavior of GTAW of DSS and Super DSS Weldments http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2016.01.013 a
[45] Abdelfatah A., Raslan A. M. & Mohammed L. Z (2022). Corrosion Characteristics of 304 Stainless Steel in Sodium Chloride and Sulfuric Acid Solutions, Int. J. Electrochem Sci.,17(4) , 220417. 15100.
[46] Gigović-Gekić, A., Bikić, F. & Avdušinović, H. (2018). Influence of the Delta Ferrite Content on the Corrosion Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steel Nitronic 60, Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 50, 31-34.
[47] Gekić, A., Oruč, M. & Gojić, M. (2011). Determination of the Content of Delta Ferrite in Austenitic Stainless Steel Nitronic 60, In Proceedings of 15th International Research/Expert Conference, Prague, Czech Republic, 157-160.
[48] Subodh, K. & Shahi, A. S. (2011). Effect of Heat Input on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Gas Tungsten Arc Welded AISI 304 Stainless Steel Joints, Materials and Design, 32, 3617–3623.
[2] Lancaster, J. F. (2003). Metallurgy of welding, Chapman and Hale, London, 106-116.
[3] Amer, S. M., Morsy, M. A., Hussein. M. .A., Atlam, A. & Mosa E. S. (2015). Effect of Welding Parameters Variation on the Weldability of Austenitic Stainless Steel 304L. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 6 (2), 589-595.
[3] John, C. L. & Damian, J. K. (2005). Welding Metallurgy and Weldability of Stainless Steels, John Willey and Sons Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, 30-32.
[4] Oyetunji, O., Kutelu, B. J. & Akinola, A. S. (2013). Effects of Welding Speeds and Power Inputs on the Hardness Property of Type 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ). Journal of Metallurgical Engineering (ME), 2(1), 124-129
[5] Kožuh, S., Goji´c. M. & Kosec., L. (2009). Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Austenitic Stainless Steel after Welding and Post-Weld Heat Treatment, Kovove Mater. 47, 253–262.
[6] Kožuh, S. M.. Goji´c, M., Vrsalovi´c, L. & Ivkovi´c, B. (2013). Corrosion Failure and Microstructure Analysis of AISI 316l Stainless Steels for Ship Pipeline before and after Welding, Kovove Mater. 51, 53–61.
[7] Raveendra, S. (2012). Weldability and Process Parameter Optimization of Dissimilar Pipe Joints Using GTAW, International Journal Eng., Res., Appl., 2, 2525-2530
[8] Achebo, J. I. (2012). Influence of Alloying Elements on HAZ Toughness of Multilayer Welded Steel Joints. International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, 3 (4), 78 - 83.
[9] Apurv, C. & Vijaykumar, S. J. (2014). Influence of Heat Input on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Austenitic 202 Grade Stainless Steel Weldments, WSEAS Transactions on Applied and Theoretical Mechanics, 9, 222-228.
[10] Mohd, S., Mohd, F. & Hasan, P.K.B. (2014). Effect of Welding Speed, Current and Voltage on Mechanical Properties of Underwater Welded Mild Steel Specimen (C, Mn, Si) With Insulated Electrode E6013, MIT. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 4 (2), 120-124.
[11] Ahmed, K. H., Abdul, L., Mohd, J. & Pramesh T. (2010). Influence of Welding Speed on Tensile Strength of Welded Joint in TIG Welding Process. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Dindigul,. 1 (3), 518-527.
[12] Çalik, A. (2009). Effect of Cooling Rate on Hardness and Microstructure of AISI 1020, AISI 1040 and AISI 1060 Steels. Int. J. of Phys. Sci, 4 (9), 514-518.
[13] Wan Shaiful, H. W., Muda1, N. M. & Saifulnizan, J. (2015). Effect of Welding Heat Input on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties at Coarse Grain Heat Affected Zone of ABS Grade A steel. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10 (20), 9487-9495.
[14] Tabish, T. A., Abbas T., Farhan, M., Atiq, S. & Butt, T. Z. (2014). Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the TIG welded joints of AISI 304 Stainless Steel. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 5 , 2014 – 1532.
[15] Laura, L., Leonel, D., Abreu, C., Brasil, M. & Pedro, B. (2019). Corrosion Behaviour of Austenitic Stainless Steel Welds Prepared by Dual Protection GTAW Process in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 3.5%wt. NaCl. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci.,14, 1007-10092, www.electrochemsci.org
[16] Bakour S., Guenbour. A., Bellaouchou. A., Escrivà-Cerdán, C., Sánchez-Tovar R Leiva-García, R. & García- Antón, J. (2012). Effect of Welding on Corrosion Behaviour of a Highly Alloyed Austenitic Stainless Steel UNS N06027 in Polluted Phosphoric Acid Media. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 7, 10530-10543.
[17] Shin, Y. T., Shin, H. S. & Lee H. W. (2012). Effects of Heat Input on Pitting Corrosion in Super Duplex Stainless Steel Weld Metals. Met. Mater. Int., 18, 1037–1040.
[18] Gopinath. S, Kuppusamy M.V & Ningshen. S. (2019). Corrosion Resistance Behavior of GTAW Welded AISI type 304L Stainless Steel, Trans India Inst. Met, 2981-2995, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-019-01779-w.
[19] Li. L, Dong C.F Xiao. K, Yao J.S. & Li X.G (2014). Effect of pH on Pitting Corrosion of Stainless Steel Welds in Alkaline Salt Water, Construction and Building Materials, 68, 708-715
[20] Kun-Chao T. & Chu-Ping Y (2022). The Corrosion Susceptibility of 304L Stainless Steel Exposed to Crevice Environments, Materials, 13, 3055.
[21] Subodh Kumar, Shashi A. S. & Dikshant Malhotra (2021). Effect of Welding Heat Input and Post-Weld Thermal Aging on the Sensitization and Pitting Corrosion Behaviour of AISI 304L Stainless Steel Butt Welds. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 30, 1619-1640.
[22] Lawrence, O. O., Raheem, A. E. & Ikenna, C. E. (2016). Influence of Delta Ferrite on Corrosion Susceptibility of AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel. Materials Engineering Research Article, 9, 120-128.
[23] Abioye T. E. (2017). Effect of Heat Input on the Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of AISI 304 Electric Arc Weldments. British Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 20(1), 1-10
[24] American Standard for Testing and Measurement E3-11 (2011). Standard guide for preparation of metallographic specimens, ASTM International, West Conshohocken
[25] American Standard for Testing and Measurement G36 (2014). Standard Guide for Preparation of Corrosion coupons, ASTM International, West Conshohocken
[26] American Standard for Testing and Measurement G5 – 94 (2004). Standard Reference Test Method for Making Potentiostatic and Potentiodynamic Anodic Polarization Measurements
[27] Saefuloh, I., Kanani, N., Gumelar. Ramadhan F., Rukmayyadi, Y., Yusuf, Y., Syarif, A. & Sidik, S. (2020). The Study of Corrosion Behaviour and Hardness of AISI Stainless Steel 304 in Concentration of Chloride Acid Solution and Temperature Variations. Journal of Physics, Conference Series, 1477
[28] Kutelu B. J., Adubi E. G. & Seidu S. O. (2018). Effects of Electrode types on the Microstructure, Tensile and Hardness Properties of 304 L austenitic stainless steel heat-affected zone (HAZ). Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 6, 32-38.
[29] Francisco-Javier C., Manuel Pascuel-Guillamon L.S.G., Fidel S.V., & Miguel-Angel P. (2019). Pitting corrosion of AISI 304 rolled stainless steel welding at different deformation levels. Journal of Applied Sciences, 9(16), 3265
[30] Woods R. A. & Milner D. R. (1971). Motion in the Weld Pool in Arc Welding, Welding Journal, 50 (4), 163-173.
[31] Arpita, N. B. & Vikram, A. P. (2016). Influence of Process Parameters of TIG Welding Process on Mechanical Properties of 304LSS Welded Joint, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3, 977.
[32] Xiancyan, Z.H.A.O., Xiwu, L.I.U., Xin, C.U.I., & Fengchang, Y. (2018). Corrosion Behavior of 304L in Nitric Acid Environment. Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and Protection, 38(5), 455-462.
[33] Atapour M., Dana M. M. & Ashrafizadeh F. (2015). A corrosion study of grain-refined 304l stainless steels produced by the martensitic process. International Journal of ISSI, 12 (2), 30-38.
[34] Saifu D., Shuangbao W., Linyue W., Jianting L. & Yujie W. (2017). Influence of Chloride on Passive Film Chemistry of 304 Stainless Steel in Sulphuric Acid Solution by Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry Analysis, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 12, 1106 –1117.
[35] Wan P., Ma L., Cheng X. & Li X. (2021) Influence of Grain Refinement on the Corrosion Behavior of Metallic Materials: A Review Int. J. Miner., Metall. Mater., 28, 1112-1126,
[36] Sato, N. (2001). The Stability and Breakdown of Passive Oxide Films on Metals. J. Indian Chem. Soc., 78, 19–26.
[37] Sutrimo Ating Sudradjat, Rayhan Nugraha Fachari Koeshardono Aris Suryyadi Deni Mulyana & Ita Casmita (2019). Effect of Heat Input Variations to the Mechanical Properties and Pitting Corrosion in Disisimilar Stainless-Steel Welding, International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering (IJASRE), 5(10), 116-123.
[38] Pauli L., Jani R., Heikki R. & Teemu S. (2016). Characterisation of Local Grain Size Variation of Welded Structural Steel, Weld World, 60, 673–688.
[39] Apurv, C. & Vijaykumar, S. J. (2014). Influence of Heat Input on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Austenitic 202 Grade Stainless Steel Weldments. WSEAS Transactions on Applied and Theoretical Mechanics, 9, 222-228
[40] Hendrikus Dwijayanto Wibowo Surtargo (2021). Corrosion Rate of Stainless Steel 304 in HNO3 Solution, Arkus, 7(1), https://hmpublisher.com/India.php/arkus.
[41] Olsson, C.O.A. & Landolt, D. (2003). Passive Films on Stainless Steels-Chemistry, Structure and Growth, Electrochimica Acta, 48,(9), 1093- 1104.
[42] Sajay K.G., Avinash R. R., Meghanshu V. & MohdZaharKhad Y. (2019). Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Gas Metal Arc Welding of Ferrite Stainless Steel. Material Research Express,(3).
[43] Thewlis, C. & Milner, D. R. (1977). Inclusion Formation in Arc Welding, Welding Research Supplement, 281-288.
[44] Prabhu, P. & Rajnish, G. (2016). Effect of Welding Parameters on Pitting Behavior of GTAW of DSS and Super DSS Weldments http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2016.01.013 a
[45] Abdelfatah A., Raslan A. M. & Mohammed L. Z (2022). Corrosion Characteristics of 304 Stainless Steel in Sodium Chloride and Sulfuric Acid Solutions, Int. J. Electrochem Sci.,17(4) , 220417. 15100.
[46] Gigović-Gekić, A., Bikić, F. & Avdušinović, H. (2018). Influence of the Delta Ferrite Content on the Corrosion Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steel Nitronic 60, Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 50, 31-34.
[47] Gekić, A., Oruč, M. & Gojić, M. (2011). Determination of the Content of Delta Ferrite in Austenitic Stainless Steel Nitronic 60, In Proceedings of 15th International Research/Expert Conference, Prague, Czech Republic, 157-160.
[48] Subodh, K. & Shahi, A. S. (2011). Effect of Heat Input on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Gas Tungsten Arc Welded AISI 304 Stainless Steel Joints, Materials and Design, 32, 3617–3623.